Sung Hwan Kim, Watermelon Sons, 2014, Performance © 2014 Sung Hwan Kim

The exhibition 《Life of Always a Mirror》 (Art Sonje Center, through November 30) includes the view(er) within the exhibition hall and has them intervene. This does not mean it demands direct participation from the audience; rather, it indicates a systematic realization of the processes by which the viewing path, vision, and works interlock. The allegory of the “mirror” in the title appears, within a configuration that may look abstruse, in the viewer’s position and gaze, the dual identity or fissure in the video works, and performance as acting, such that, instead of seeing reality, it relates to a manner of making that-beyond appear through a hallucinatory experience.

The second-floor exhibition hall creates segmentation of sight and unintended participation. This is because, after completely dismantling and reconstructing the space, it produces not a pair of object/being but an overlapped space of object-being, a mingling. Thus the intervention operates that makes a “roving gaze” and a body that is already included.

First, an oblique and narrow entrance constricts body-consciousness, and a single light exists outside as its simulacrum (shadow), yet inside as an object. Beyond the thin entrance’s wooden panel, three spaces are faintly visible, making one feel as if different images form a triple-layered kaleidoscope. The passage is not a transparent boundary; rather, as a narrow entry like a single hole, it effects a change of dimension. The boundary zone—neither clearly inside nor outside—becomes, upon entering, another space made by dimensional shift; afterward, due to an illusion created by the triple lighting, you remember the earlier, dimmer space as a previous space outside. It rises up as simulacra.

The memory of this oblique space naturally actuates the body of the “first gaze” (formed through the entry experience). It turns the gaze back along the axis of the passage that was the entrance—now to become the exit. And so, instead of advancing forward, the body returns deeper than the original entrance, and the first thing it meets is a bird drawing; in this narrow space, one confirms, by a Gestalt sense, the traces of white line segments sporadically drawn on a black ground: a bird. Next to it, a bird field guide; one understands, with a kind of humor, the sameness (difference) of original and reproduction (copy) as meta-text of a kindly exhibition explanation transposed into part of the exhibition.

Then, turning one’s body, at the point of exiting, one looks at two images like enlargement/reduction— or barely visible or partly seen—of the same drawing at left and right, together with the very constraint the space places upon the gaze. The artist/exhibition does not clearly designate the singular viewpoint that integrates the three drawings; it plants this point ambiguously so that it is embodied by the viewer’s own gaze. This corresponds to another starting point inside the exhibition hall—a point that matches the earlier point that aroused a sense of the new space upon entering the passage. The multiple segmented places/spaces likewise are (not) checked most clearly at a glance from this site. This unclear “checking”—in which the drawings are obscured, or rather in which even the constrained gaze is composed as a gaze that sees a single space—prefigures that the exhibition will make part of itself a spatial experience that cannot be encompassed by sight, encountering narrow spaces and zones of visual restriction.

From this point of gaze, the exhibition includes the spatial constraints created by the exhibition (hall) into the domain of sight (beyond it), and thus, within the characteristic of a dispositive-machine that is the exhibition hall, it breaks the modernist myth of painting as an autonomous object, not by “installation of painting” but as a kind of “installational painting,” expanding/realizing the exhibition’s capacity as a multisensory experience of gaze. From this vantage, the space appears, in part, like a frame of abstract painting that pricks the unconscious on the precarious border of consciousness, where things are placed without stability as in a surrealist manner. Beginning from the raggedly placed bird drawings and converging the gaze upon the space, this virtual vanishing point of perspective— the single integrated “painting” seen from that one site— disappears as virtuality once one begins to walk and thus departs from perspective, entering the domain of experience. Even so, in reality it was neither more nor less than installation.


Sung Hwan Kim, Manahatas Dance, 2009, Video, 16min © Sung Hwan Kim

Hidden from that gaze, on panels to left and right within the space, two videos are situated; to the right is Manahatas Dance. The “Manahatas” of 2009 is taken from the old name of Manhattan before the Delaware Indians came under colonial rule; recording only the trace of that historical site in the title (and thus, of course, not attempting an ethically fraught reenactment), the piece shifts its gaze to New York, symbol of the immigrant’s dream, juxtaposing segmented photographic images of the 1911 Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire with a phrase from President Obama’s first inaugural address—“We will harness the sun and the winds and the soil to fuel our cars and run our factories”—thus placing the national ideology in the extension of the history of American pioneering.

This is paired with a performance by children wearing large, layered, exotic skirts; the gaze toward the historical reproduction wavers and is unstable and carries minimal ethics, while the children are innocent, and the transparent objects in their mouths glow in the dark as if x-rayed. A profusion of colors is overlaid with out-of-sync lines of speech. The times of past, present, and future mesh heterogeneously and converge with Obama’s speech; the video’s fullness—the place that voice/speech occupies— is linked to a trembling documentary gaze (maintained yet failing, and distanced from it) and the generative movement of the (children’s) motion. As a result, though documentary in character, it is near non-narrative, and some present, reducible to the very sense of layered history (time), converges into a single utterance together with the memory of innocent sounds and images that cannot be resolved.

Sung Hwan Kim, A-DA-DA, 2002, 16mm/Video, 20min © Sung Hwan Kim

The second video, A-DA-DA, introduces two male performers of the same age who appear to be brothers or friends, having them play father and son; narrated from the son’s perspective, it proceeds with an unintelligible father who, drunk, orders the son to “strip,” etc. When they exit that everyday space, the two, apparently on equal footing, carry out assigned tasks in a kind of work space. This reduces identity to a given role, making us read the intention somewhere in between (their mere existence as performers).

The language—foreigners appropriating a Korean’s tongue—awkwardly segments and slips from normal speech; this relates partly to the implication of “stutterer” in “A-DA-DA,” and, though we might surmise it connects to the artist’s childhood memories and to experiences abroad as an outsider, first of all it reveals language not as embodied speech but as script/lines—the language of a kind of mimicry—exposed along with the acting of the two actors. It is an experience in which the border of a foreign land is engraved upon ourselves. That is to say, the decisive point at which these two who look Korean or Asian (but are actually Asian foreigners) become estranged is, precisely, language; from this, the illusion comes undone of their outward appearance, and, as if it were a voice immanent to the body, it transfers to us.

It seems a decisive intention of this video to transfer to us this body fissured from a fissured voice. Calling “father,” recalling him while looking at the sea, the son’s close-up (speechless) back disappears without words. At a time when some time has passed without the father, this scene—in which the father is embodied more than the son himself—is realized in the overlap of narration, the empty body, and the sound of waves. After the camera suddenly shifts its point of view to the sea, where many people are playing, Cho Sang-hyŏn’s “Eyes of Simcheongga” is juxtaposed, giving emotional shock. Like end credits rising, languages of the scrolling text leave a distinct mark on the surface and fade. (As with incorporating the domain of meta-exhibition as a kind of explanation into the exhibition to construct an exhibition-specific context, this seems to be the artist’s capacity to make form itself into content with form.)

These two videos are seen upon a black carpet (or boundary); the black carpet is not merely the floor but a plane of space, incorporating one into the exhibition’s context. Thus, even when sitting on it—when overlaying the body upon the laid-down installation, a rectangular frame as looking, and the floor of space—one is made to feel discomfort. You cannot help but overlay yourself uncomfortably upon the exhibition; panels are woven from a single line segment, so inside and outside are not separated but only distinguished, giving confusion as to whether you are entering or exiting. This applies particularly to watching Manahatas Dance at left, which is installed smaller than A-DA-DA, and the space partitioned smaller accordingly.

Exiting this space, there is a rectangular black frame (as painting, installation, architecture) which you cannot avoid stepping on to reach the next space for A-DA-DA; next to it a blue structure overlaps slightly, and since its side is the same color as the wooden frame you cannot gauge its height and may stumble. Lighting dropped intermittently from above (none of the original gallery lighting is used; the exhibition is composed only with lighting within the installation), structures that stand while giving light as a kind of gaze-body, and wooden rods floating in the air resist full flatness and scatter the gaze.

After an experience not wholly reducible to video, painting, or installation, on the third floor you face, instead of the hole/door/boundary entrance of the second floor, a dark panel-boundary that initially blocks and makes one hesitate to enter; riding along this narrow boundary into the space, you discover the site from which to watch the video and confirm the architectural prospect. Echoing the opaque frame of the entrance, it places the gaze and body at the beginning of a sight that can look (rather than of looking). And the beginning of obstruction is a screen not yet in view from that place—the state is yet unopened.

Now, with only the sound delivered by the video at your back, you move away from the screen; meanwhile you step on the black carpet as a black screen and walk quite a distance (almost from the entrance to the far end of the hall— giving a sense of excessive expansion compared to the second floor’s spatial experience), take your place in the narrow seating, or sit on the black carpet before it, and see Temper Clay. The artist explained that in his videos (whose fragmented narrative traces form their trajectory) only the words “temper clay” may remain in the viewer’s memory as such—thus the artist’s thought differs from communication theory in which form is a medium that contains identical content under a single code, asking how well the artist’s thought has been conveyed and expressed. Here “temper clay” for the artist is, as a signifier, meaningful in that it was remembered as such.


Sung Hwan Kim, Temper Clay, 2012, Video, 24min © Sung Hwan Kim

Temper Clay juxtaposes, rather than parallels, the voice resonating with syllables themselves like “temper clay” together with David Michael DiGregorio’s sacred Baroque music that diffuses chord by chord; with fragmentary images of performed scenes— a reconstructed life in Apgujeong Hyundai Apartments and at a lakeside villa—such as the backside of a man doing a fire-swinging play and a scene of burning a paper mask; it jumps from one to another, close to an image-montage. As with the two distinct spaces in Manahatas Dance and A-DA-DA—the everyday and another inner space distinguished from it (the interior room of children’s play in Manahatas Dance) or an outside (the sea in A-DA-DA)—the work constructs another inner space of the lakeside villa.

Another important point in the artist’s communication system is that he considers the viewer’s domain of experience and response as an (expanded) part of the exhibition; particularly on the second floor, where the viewer wholly overlays upon or is included in the work as a gaze-body, this is close to something thoroughly and precisely planned. This corresponds to the concept of a “field” in which subject and space co-operate and generate together, instead of a previous spatial view that separated installation and viewer—object and subject.

The artist’s remark that “20% of my story cannot be fully communicated” appears ambiguous in that this 20% is not a leeway the artist can fully anticipate and output (nor, to be exact, is it the viewer’s 20%); in result, it is close to seeing that 100% of the work cannot be delivered intact and unbroken; that there is an unpredictable portion in the view(er); and that this 20% is placed within that 100%. That is, a point where the planned 80% (hence relatively clear in interpretation) and the 20% of fluid interpretive space (considered by the artist) are spliced anew with the viewer’s 20% of fluidity.

Here, of course, the planned 20% entrusted to the viewer is, broadly speaking, the artist’s plan and differs from the viewer’s newly perceived 20%. If Roland Barthes’s concept of the text gave the viewer absolute freedom of interpretation and endowed the author with another authority, then Sung Hwan Kim, in considering even the viewer’s reflective gaze within the work, conceives a mutually reflective yet limited theory of communication.

Also impressive is the mention that a work/exhibition cannot be surveyed/understood at once; like Temper Clay, it may remain only as a part, or appear extended in life as something that comes belatedly to mind. Here, the “text” is extended and expanded into time and body—in other words, into a part of each person’s life. Thus, instead of returning the exhibition itself to the realm of complete arbitrariness, the artist, within the context of life where many layered signifiers and each viewer’s context are placed, considers in many ways those portions of 20% that must be placed—those absolute 20% of the viewer’s context—while presenting a certain 80%.

Lastly, another of the artist’s statements clarifies his communication model: namely, that there exists, in what A-DA-DA points to, a form of speech (content as form itself) that belongs to a “stutterer.” The artist argues that if you cut off the stutterer’s speech to hear him clearly, he can say nothing at all, and you can hear nothing. Rather, one must hear some definite speech among those stuttering utterances. Might not the stutterer’s language be, then, the artist’s strategy of showing only 80%?

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